1. Introduction

2. Haemostasis and haemostatic disorders
	Physiology of haemostasis for clinicians
	Clinical signs in haemorrhagic syndromes
	Techniques for the evaluation of haemostasis
		Platelet count
		Buccal mucosal bleeding time
		Laboratory tests
		Preoperative evaluation of haemostasis
	Care of patients with coagulopathies or preoperative haemorrhages
	Common coagulopathies in veterinary practice
		Primary haemostatic disorders
		Secondary haemostatic disorders
		Mixed haemostatic disorders

3. Anticoagulation and fibrinolysis
	Introduction
	Thromboembolic diseases
	Antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants and fibrinolytics
		Antiplatelet drugs
		Anticoagulants
		Fibrinolytics

4. Principles of blood transfusion
	Introduction
	Indications
	Blood types
		Blood typing
	Blood administration
		Complications of transfusion therapy
	Crossmatching

5. Anaesthesia and perioperative bleeding
	Introduction
	Factors involved
		Patient position
		Mechanical ventilation
		Changes in patient ventilation
	Effects of anaesthetic drugs
		Phenothiazines
		Benzodiazepines
		α2 agonists
		Opiates
		Ketamine
		Propofol
		Alphaxalone
		Sodium thiopental
		Etomidate
		Inhaled anaesthetics
		Anticholinergics 
		Non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs
		Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs
	Fluid therapy
		Crystalloids
		Colloids
	Local and regional anaesthesia
		Local infiltration with local anaesthetic and/or adrenaline
		Epidural anaesthesia
		Intravenous regional anaesthesia (Bier block)
	Hypothermia
		Behaviour of anaesthetic agents incasesof hypothermia
	Acidosis
	Anaesthetic techniques thatminimise bleeding
		Controlled hypotension
		Permissive hypotension or hypotensive resuscitation
		Acute normovolaemic haemodilution
		Acute hypervolaemic haemodilution

6. Preoperative haemostatic techniques
	Systemic prohaemostatic drugs
		Lysine analogues
		Ethamsylate
		Other treatments
	Supportive haemostatic treatments
		Acupuncture
		Homoeopathy

7. Intraoperative haemostasis techniques
	Techniques for minimising blood loss during surgery
	Preventative haemostasis
		Hydrodissection
		Ligatures
		Vascular clamps and Rummel tourniquet
		Haemostatic clips. Surgical staplers
	Clinical applications in hepatic, splenic and pulmonary surgery
	Definitive haemostasis
		Haemostasis by compression
		Topical haemostatic agents
	Surgical haemostatic techniques
		Haemostatic forceps
		Ligatures
		Technique
		Sutures
	Estimated intraoperative blood loss
		Subjective method
		Gravimetric method
		Other methods 

8. High energy surgical equipment
	Introduction
	Electrosurgery
		Key concepts of electricity
		Characteristics of the currents generated by an electrosurgical unit
		How tissue responds to the passage of electricity
		Safety in electrosurgery
		Electrosurgical equipment and electrodes
	Laser surgery
		Basic principles
	Laser in veterinary surgery
		Basic elements of laser systems
		Temporal output mode
		Choice of laser
		Interaction of laser with tissue
		Tips for optimising the use of laser in surgery
	Other systems
		Electrothermal bipolar coagulation
	Personal safety
		Smoke
		Risks and precautions in laser surgery

9. Cryotherapy and cryosurgery
	Local hypothermia. Cryotherapy
	Cryosurgery
		Advantages and disadvantages of cryosurgery
	Cryogenic agents
		Liquid nitrogen
		Nitrous oxide
		Dimethyl ether and propane
	Cryogenic agent application techniques
		Application by pulverisation
		Application by tube (contact terminal)
		Application with swabs
	Warnings and postoperative care

10.Postoperative bleeding
	Introduction
	Causes of bleeding
	Assessment of bleeding severity
	Treatment
		Initial treatment
	Evolution of postoperative bleeding
	Diagnosis and ultrasound monitoring ofpostoperative bleeding 

11. Applicationsandsurgicalcasestudies
	Maxillofacial surgery
		Surgical case study/Premaxillectomy
	Ophthalmic surgery
		Surgical case study/Hotz-Celsus blepharoplasty with CO2 laser
	Ear surgery
		Surgical case study/Ablation of the external ear canal
	Penile surgery
		Surgical case study/Partial amputation of the penis
	Hepatic surgery
		Surgical case study/Hepaticlobectomy
	Adrenalgl and surgery
		Surgical case study/Adrenalectomy
		Adrenalectomy in ferrets
	Cardiovascular surgery
		Surgical case study/Thoracoscopic pericardiectomy
		Surgical case study/Tetralogy of Fallot
	Perianal fistulae
		Surgical case study/Perianal fistulae resection
	Brachycephalic syndrome
		Widening of nostrils
	Palatoplasty
	Excision of laryngeal saccules

12. References